Did John Stump Sell Bigotry with His Booze?

John Stump

John J. Stump, a wholesale liquor dealer of Cumberland, Maryland, probably had a certificate like the one shown below.   It was issued by the Patriotic Order, Sons of America, an organization that had a reputation, deserved or otherwise, of being anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant.   Stump was an elected national officer of the P.O.S of A., in a position called the “guard,” likely the sergeant-at-arms.   His prominence is all the more startling for living in Maryland, a state founded by and welcoming to Catholic immigrants and known for its tolerance.

Stump’s “Patriotic Order” was formed in Philadelphia in 1847, and subsequently became the youth wing of the Order of United Americans, a secret organization that was reacting negatively to the large immigration of Irish and German Catholics  and other foreigners to the United States that began in the 1830s. Merging with other similar organizations, the United Americans eventually became a part of the semi-secret “Know Nothing” Party whose agenda was to exclude Catholics, Chinese and other immigrants.  When a member was asked about party activities,  he was instructed to reply, “ I know nothing.”

With the outbreak of the Civil War, the Know Nothing Party collapsed and with it the Patriotic Sons of America.  Following the war, the organization was revived.  Its constitution now allowed membership to males in the U.S. over the age of sixteen providing that 1) they were born in the United States and had not emigrated here, and 2) “opposed to any union of Church and State, and to the interference of any foreign power, directly or indirectly, with the Government.”   By inference, no Catholics need apply.

John Stump was a native-born American, coming into life in Maryland in 1874 to parents both of whom had been born in that state.  He appears to have entered the liquor trade at an early age.   His home town, Cumberland, shown above in the early 1900s, was a major stop on the way West.  The so-called National Road ran through the town to a gap in the Appalachian mountains and on into Ohio.   Saloons were by far the most numerous businesses in Cumberland as recorded in the 1895 local directory.   Seventy-nine were listed.

That same directory listed the 21 year old Stump as a saloon keeper who also sold wines and liquors.  His establishment was located at 22 Bedford Street, an address that also doubled as his residence.   Working for him was a William J. Stump, obviously a relative, who was listed as a clerk.  By 1900,  according to census data,  Stump had disposed of the saloon and was concentrating his energies on being a wholesale liquor dealer.  That year also found him marrying.  His bride was Anna Genevieve, a woman seven years his junior.  They  would  have two sons,  John,  born in 1902, and Charles, 1908.

As a wholesaler,  Stump provided his liquor in large ceramic jugs to his customers.  He appears to have used a variety of containers.  They included a crude stoneware with a cobalt stenciled lettering and a more finished jug with a Albany slip top and handle and a Bristol glaze base and under glaze lettering.    Like other liquor dealers trying to keep ahead of the competition, Stump also featured a number of giveaway items to favored customers.
Among them were small jugs holding a few swallows of whiskey.  Bearing the label “Compliments of John J. Stump & Co.,” they clearly were meant to be gifted.

For his wholesale clients,  largely saloons,  he provided the bartenders with fancy etched shot glasses.  The two shown here appear to be the work of George Troug, acknowledged as the outstanding shot glass etcher in American history.  Troug was the proprietor of the Maryland Glass Etching Works in Cumberland from 1893 until 1911.  Stump’s glasses bear the unmistakable artistry of this craftsman who arrived in the U.S. in 1883.

Although Stump apparently did not mind ordering his shot glasses from an immigrant,  it is not clear the extent to which he adhered to the “nativist” sentiments of the Patriotic Sons.  Moreover, the organization,  like the “Know Nothings” had strong prohibitionist leanings, as did the Republican Party of Maryland.   Many of those with anti-immigrant and Catholic dispositions believed that because Irish, German and other nationalities had no religious scruples against strong drink and even embraced it,  alcoholic beverages should be banned.  As a liquor dealer in this crowd, Stump probably suffered snide comments from both “wets” and “drys.”

Despite the contradictions in his life, Stump had a very active political career as a Republican in Cumberland.  He appears to have begun this career as a volunteer fireman. Because of the many frame buildings in town and the presence of a number of glass factories,  fires were common.  Stump had become the acting chief of the Cumberland volunteers when a major fire threatened downtown nearby Frostberg, Maryland.  He sent his fire fighters to help extinguished the blaze, gaining praise from the local press.  Subsequently he was elected president of the Allegany-Garrett Counties Volunteer & Rescue Association. Stump also was a member of the Firemen’s Association of Maryland, becoming its state president in 1898.   He then parlayed this into election to the Maryland House of Delegates from Allegany County, serving from 1904 to 1906.

Despite his Republican connections, National Prohibition came down just as hard on him as on Democrats.  Stump was forced to close up his prosperous liquor business in 1919.  The 1920 Census found him with no occupation listed.  He subsequently turned from alcohol to annuities and by 1930 was operating his own insurance business in Cumberland.  He also served terms as both the town’s finance commissioner and its street and sewer commissioner.   In 1940 the census found Stump at age 66 living with wife Anna Genevieve residing in Cumberland. There the trail ends in the internet record.

Was Stump’s membership in the Patriotic Sons a sign of anti-Catholic, anti-immigrant  bigotry?  Or was his membership just part of his social and political trajectory to local prominence?  Without further documentary evidence of Stump’s attitudes toward Catholics and immigrants, it has proved impossible to answer the question that opens this post.

Note: The Patriotic Order Sons of America once had several hundred camps (lodges) with several thousand members in the U.S. and its territories, but chapters now are found only in Pennsylvania, North Carolina, New Jersey and Louisiana. The motto of the organization is "God, Our Country and Our Order."

Addendum:  In May 2022 the grandson of John Stump, Bob Stump, was in touch with me about his grandfather.   He provided the copy of the photo of Stump that opens this post as well as the two photos shown below.  I am very grateful for his additional information that indicates Stump was not likely an anti-Catholic because he married one and his children were raised Catholic. The family stories Bob provided are also very interesting and provide additional insights into John Stump's personality:

"The Crooked (bent) Neck Bottle was from his bottle supplier. Story goes that he was visiting the bottle maker one day and saw these bottles with bent necks because of some problem in the cooling process. The bottle maker said he was going to throw them away. Grandfather said he wanted them. He filled them with his own brew, put his label on it and put them in the store window to attract attention. 

 

"This is the only one we know of that survived. My parents opened it in sometime in the 1960’s in celebration of their daughter Sue’s engagement. I was not home at the time – away in the seminary – so I got a taste later. It did not taste very good. But you can see that there is not much left in the bottle and a piece of the cork fell in.  The label began to deteriorate and peel off many years ago so we covered it with plastic wrap.

 

"Another story has to do with how he was able to fill his mail orders more quickly than his competitors. The mail was sorted in the mail cars of the railroad (B&O?). When the train stopped in Cumberland, he would invite the gentlemen who worked in the mail car over to his store for a visit. Of course, they would bring his mail. They got some refreshment, and he got his mail a day before anyone else because it did not go through the local post office." 

Simon Jung Gave Milwaukee His Best Shots

Once upon a time in Milwaukee there lived a liquor dealer who loved shot glasses and produced them in prodigious numbers to advertise his whiskey brands.  In so doing, it can be said he gave the people of that Wisconsin city his best shots. The dealer’s name was Simon Jung.

It is likely that growing up in his native Bohemia, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Jung knew nothing about American whiskey or how it was measured out behind the bar.  Census data does not record his date of immigration to the United States.  When he arrived, probably in the 1870s, he may have had relatives in Milwaukee where he settled.  Sometime in the early 1880s,  Simon married a woman seven years his junior.  Her name was Adelheid Breslauer and she had been born in Germany and when young emigrated with other family members to Milwaukee.

The Breslauers were themselves liquor dealers with the establishment in 1883 of a retail liquor store on East Water Street,  later moved to  242-244 Broadway.   Simon Jung may have served an apprenticeship with his father-in-law, A. Breslauer,  at the Water Street address but within several years opened his own wholesale liquor dealership, located initially at 425 Chestnut St. on Milwaukee’s East Side.  It apparently was an amicable move,  likely funded by his father-in-law since A. Breslauer was listed as Jung’s partner for one year.


About this time, as well, Simon and Adelheid started their family.  Son Frederick, known as Fred for most of his life,  was born in 1883.   A second son,  Edward, would be born six years later.  After the departure of A. Breslauer from his dealership,  Simon added Michael Weiner as a partner.  In 1897 S. Jung & Company moved from Broadway to three addresses on East Water Street    Shown here in a postcard view circa 1909, Water Street was home to a number of retail and wholesale liquor houses.

In 1906 the company occupied a new building at 236 North Water, possibly built to Jung’s specifications.  According to a contemporary account, the premises consisted of a four-story building with a basement,  30 by 150 feet.  It was equipped with an elevator and allowed the storage of a large amount of stock that included imported liquors from Scotland, Ireland, Holland, France, England,  and the Caribbean.  The company also sold wines from California and Ohio, and  house labels, including “Grape Brandy & Rock and Rye,”  a beverage Simon officially trademarked in 1908.


Most important to S. Jung & Co. were sales of American whiskey.  Jung brought it from the major producing states of the time, Pennsylvania, Maryland and Kentucky. Doubtless he also had a blending operation in his building since he featured several of his own brands.  They included “Homer Club,” “Ole Bull,” and “Underhill,”  the latter which he trademarked in 1906.  His flagship brand was “Mountain King,”  In his 1905 trademark application for this whiskey Jung reserved the name and a label design that entailed,  as he wrote,  “a  scene composed of a group of mountains and on the top of one is a mountain goat.”

By employing salesmen to travel throughout the Midwest, Jung was able to build a customer base for his brands that, to paraphrase a contemporary account, “broadly radiated.”  Not only was he selling liquor in Wisconsin but also in Illinois, Minnesota, and Michigan.  To keep saloons and retail outlets coming back for their products, most liquor wholesalers featured giveaways to favored customers.  Jung was no exception.  As noted earlier, he loved shot glasses and gave away a wide variety.

The most elaborate was one of four extant shot glasses advertising Mountain King rye.   Although it is not marked,  this shot glass, shown top right, has been identified by experts as the work of George Troug, an Italian-born artist in glass who found his way to Cumberland, Maryland, and its thriving glass industry.  in 1892 he opened the Maryland Glass Etching Works where he produced the premier images found on many American shot glasses.  Jung, with his passion for shots,  sought out Troug’s artistry 

   

Although the Mountain King glass below it lacks similar elaboration, the fluted sides and gothic letters for the message give it a distinction beyond the ordinary.   Although the last Mountain King shot is plain, the letter was done through a soft etch process and is a thin walled item. The same can be said for the final three Jung-produced shot glasses, two issued for Homer Club Rye and one for Ole Bull Bourbon.  Although they are largely without decoration and feature plain lettering, they were a quality giveaway and prominently advertised his whiskeys.   In short,  Jung consistently gave customers his “best shot.”

Jung’s success did not go unnoticed in the Milwaukee business community.  An 1896 publication called “Milwaukee:  Half Century of Progress,” featured the firm and its founder with a laudatory article.   It credited Jung with building public trust of liquors by selling pure and unadulterated products.  It also noted that Simon was a prominent member of the Milwaukee Manufacturers and Merchants Association and an adherent of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, a fraternal organization.

As Prohibition forces slowly strangled the Midwest markets for Jung’s whiskey, his business began to suffer.   Throughout the region, town after town, county after county, went “dry” under local option.  In 1916, with strong backing from 

Henry Ford,  Michigan voted a total ban on sales of alcohol.  By 1918, Jung recognized the bleak future and shut the doors of his business.  He never lived to see Repeal.  In 1921 he died at age 71.   He was buried in Milwaukee’s Greenwood Cemetery as his widow, Adelheid, and bachelor sons,  Fred and Edward, stood by his gravesite in the cemetery’s section 3, block 9, lot  6.   They all would join him there eventually, Adelheid in 1931.

The building that housed S. Jung & Company still stands along Water Street.  After the company closed, it lay empty for a time.  Then in 1922, Valentine Blatz, of the Milwaukee brewery family,  moved a candy company to the site.  In 1928 it became headquarters for the Columbia Knitting Company.   Shown here in recent photograph, the building that Jung first occpied currently is home to a supply house for cat medicine with condos on the upper floors.  On the National Register of Historical Buildings,  the structure is a stop on the walking tour of Milwaukee’s Near East Side.