The Irish “Johns”and Their DC Saloons

For many of of the Irish who inhabited Washington D.C.  during the late 1800s and early 1900s, the occupation of saloonkeeper was a familiar one. Among them were three men of Irish descent, all named “John,” — John Fitzmorris, John Keady and John Gleeson. The three Johns left their mark on Washington and on bottles by which we can remember them.

John Fitzmorris was born in 1860 in Ireland and had come to America, likely with his parents, at the age of 13. When he was 40, the 1900 U.S. Census found him living in a boarding house in the District, still unmarried. He gave his occupation as “saloonkeeper.” His establishment was at Seventh Street and Pennsylvania Avenue, the thoroughfare known as “Rum Row.” An 1890s publication cited 109 neighborhood brothels and 50 saloons on the street and pointed out that President Grover Cleveland could see the goings-on from his bedroom window. Fitzmorris apparently was successful in this setting and by the early 1900s had built a hotel on his corner, one he called “The Commercial.”

In a 1905 Washington Post advertisement, the genial Irish proprietor called on “Mr. Traveling Man” to put up at his place, strictly a stag hotel.  The ad termed it modern and up-to-date with large comfortable rooms and a good, central location. The text failed to mention that Fitzmorris also was running a popular saloon downstairs where a tired traveling man might take a drink of an evening or even meet an understanding woman. The proprietor also sold package goods over the bar for passersby or to a hotel guest wanting a nightcap in his room.

Shown here are two flasks bearing the embossing of the Commercial hotel, complete with its address.  They may once have had a paper label for Fitzmorris’s house brand, “Old Berwick Rye.” He advertised that whiskey frequently in Washington newspapers touting it as “good beyond compare.” He would deliver a bottle to your residence for $1.00. Just phone him up.

As Pennsylvania Avenue was being redeveloped in the 1940s, archeologists dug up many relics of the street’s rowdy past. A major find was a cellar full of whiskey and beer bottles. Among them were relics of John Fitzmorris Old Berwick Rye. No indication was given in the press where, or even whether, the bottles were preserved in anything like a museum setting.

Although Irish saloonkeepers often were very active in local and state politics, Fitzmorris was not. Irish-American John Keady was more to the type, a high profile DC Democrat and, as his obituary put it, “prominently connected with many civic and religious organizations.” He had been born in the District of Columbia in 1857, the son of Daniel and Ellen Keady, both Irish immigrants. The 1880 census found him living in Georgetown with his parents and working as a clerk in his father’s grocery store at 3316 M Street N.W. Next door was a saloon at 3312 M Street N.W. run by a Dennis T. Keady, likely his uncle.

About 1877 at age 33 John married a woman named Mary and they had four children, three girls and a boy. In time he appears to have inherited the proprietorship of the Keady saloon. He also was mixing up and bottling whiskey obtained from the Hannis Distilling Co. just up the road in Baltimore. Called “Hannisville Whiskey,”  he bought it by the barrel and sold it under his own label in embossed bottles.

Keady’s business apparently did not intrude on his political life. An ardent Democrat, he was a strong advocate for ratification by Congress of home rule status for the District of Columbia. He was sent by the party central committee to the National Democratic Convention in Baltimore in 1912 to campaign for the cause. When President Wilson subsequently appointed a District commissioner opposed by members of Keady’s group, he strongly opposed the choice. Keady died in February 1903.

The third Irishman, John Gleeson, seems to have avoided the census taker throughout his DC career. He first showed up in a public record listed in a local business directory running a saloon at 335 Eye Street, an establishment that appears to have survived until about 1916, just before Congress voted DC “dry.” It appears, like Fitzmorris, he may have been a bachelor, living over his establishment.

Gleeson’s brand was “Altamont,” a brand he sold over the bar at his saloon. It came in several sizes including a pint flask  with a characteristic circular label containing his name. Altamont Pure Rye also came in a half-pint with the proprietor’s name in a straight line and the address of his saloon.  N.W. Matthews & Co. of Baltimore, listed in local business directories from 1888 to 1912, was the issuing wholesale dealer for this proprietary brand.

The end of “Rum Row” and, indeed, all DC saloons occurred in 1917 with laws prohibiting sales of alcohol. By that time Keady had died, but the fate of Fitzmorris and Gleeson remains shrouded in the mists of the past. We have their bottles, however, to remind us in DC of those whiskey men, three Irish saloonkeepers named John.

Nicholas Matthews Mixed Whiskey and Fine Art

At a time when most whiskey men fancied the kind of large paintings of nudes that typically hung behind the bar of many saloons,  Nicholas Martin Matthews of Baltimore amassed a collection of fine art that became the subject of major national attention.  Just how he was motivated to collecting and why he ultimately sold off his paintings still remain something of a mystery.

Like a number of other Maryland distillers and liquor distributors, Matthews was from an old and distinguished family.  One of his ancestors, through his mother, had been a member of the Maryland House of Delegates and then the governor of the state.   Born in 1858 to Thomas and Rebecca Martin Matthews,  the 1870 census found Nicholas a school boy of 12 years living on a large Talbot County plantation owned by his 85-year-old maternal grandfather,  Nicholas Martin, after whom he had been named.   His father Thomas was operating the farm together with several resident field hands.  Also in the household was his mother’s brother, John Martin, a school teacher, and two of his pupils.   It is highly possible that young Nicholas was home schooled.

An only child, Matthews likely was the ultimate inheritor of the plantation, which may have provided the financial backing for his opening a wholesale liquor establishment in Baltimore in 1888.  As is shown by his elaborate “art nouveau” letterhead, the company initially was located at 128 Calvert Street, a major commercial avenue.  His headquarters, as seen in an illustration, was an imposing four-story frame building.

By this time Nicholas was married. In 1882 he wed Bessie Vanderveer Matthews, who had been born in Alabama and was slightly older than he.   They would have a family of three girls,  Eleanor (Nellie), born in 1883;  Bessie, 1885; and Lucie, 1889.  The 1900 census found the Matthews family living at 154 Fryer Street.   Nicholas’ occupation was given as “liquor dealer.”

During this period  Matthews had moved his company to larger quarters at 110-112  East Pratt Street.   He would remain there from 1900 until 1904.  By this time his Altamont Pure Rye would be firmly established as a Maryland brand name, with major outlets in Washington, D.C. and elsewhere around the mid-Atlantic.  He advertised his whiskey with the illustration of a very well-dressed gentleman exclaiming as he took a sip, “Ah! That flavor.”  Jim Bready, the guru of Baltimore whiskey, noted that a visitor arriving at the city by steamer was greeted by a huge sign that read “Altamont Pure Rye,  Finest American Whiskey.”


Matthews packaged his liquor largely in glass bottles with an embossed logo on them, as seen here.  Like other whiskey men, he also provided saloons that stocked Altamont Rye with fancy engraved and etched back-of-the-bar bottles.   He also issued an etched shot glass with “Altamont Whiskey” etched into the glass and, for bartenders, an unusual folding corkscrew advertising his whiskey.
Matthews suffered a costly but temporary setback in 1904 when the Great Baltimore Fire swept over his neighborhood.  N. M. Matthews & Co. was among the 41 distilling and wholesale liquor houses that suffered damage.  Despite the losing all his records and stored whiskey, Matthews quickly relocated his business down the street to  34 East Pratt.  He stayed at that location until 1909, making a final move to 17 East Lombard Street in 1910.

Throughout this entire period,  Matthews was buying fine art at a furious pace.  It is unclear whether he came by this passion as a result of his upbringing in an educated and possibly art-interested family, or was encouraged by his wife, Bessie, who may also have come from an aristocratic background.  It is evident, however, that a substantial part  of the wealth he was accruing from his whiskey sales he was plowing into buying fine paintings. Matthews bought both old and modern masters, both European and American.  His tastes went to oils and acrylics, most of them small to moderate size,  and subject matter that ranged from landscapes to genre paintings.  There were several portraits.  Nudes seem to have been absent among Matthews’ purchases.
 
Although Matthews was said to have had a particular eye for Dutch painters, he also held a significant number of French artists of the Barbizon School,  a group that emphasized painting outdoors directly from nature.  Among the French, he owned paintings by such famous artists as Gustave Courbet and Theodore Gericault and lesser lights as Diaz de la Pena,  Rosa Bonheur and Jean Ferdinand Chaigneau.   The Baltimorean’s holdings also included the Spaniard Ribera, the Italian Canaletto and Englishmen Constable and Romney.  It is a wonder how Matthews was able to collect so many European masterworks in seemingly so a short time.

His collection also included paintings by such well known American artists as Thomas Cole,  William Hartnett,  Albert Bierstadt,  William Trost Richards and Arthur Quartley, the last a close comrade of Winslow Homer.   Shown here is a painting in Matthews’ collection by the noted American landscape artist,  George Inness.   It is entitled, “The Juniata River near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.”   Note the several cows at the river.   Matthews, apparently drawing on his childhood on the farm, frequently bought paintings that included cattle.

As he was collecting, a member of his family was making news.  His oldest daughter Nellie at a dance had met a young Naval Academy appointee named Reed Marquette Fawell  and they had fallen in love.   As a young ensign Fawell had been assign as the skipper of the gunboat “Samar” in Hong Kong.  In 1908  Nellie personally saw President Theodore Roosevelt to ask him to transfer her fiancé to the United States.  When Roosevelt refused, she made the 15,000 mile trip to the Orient and the couple were married.  The romance made headlines across America.

The 1910 census recorded Matthews, age 51, living in a mansion at 1312 Eutaw Place, his occupation given as “dealer - liquor.   Living with him are his wife, Bessie.  Nellie, her husband apparently still deployed in Asia, is living with them as are his other two daughters.  One imagines his house filled with fine art.

Two years later in 1912, however, Matthews’ wholesale liquor business was terminated abruptly and Altamont Maryland Rye disappeared as a brand.  Two years later all or most of  his art collection was put up for auction.  The paintings going “under the hammer” numbered a whopping 134.   Shown here is the front page of the sales catalogue.  It depicted a painting by a Belgian artist, Frans Synders (1579-1657) entitled “The King is Dead - Long Live the King.”  The picture is a humorous rendition of a disparate group of birds all presumably celebrating after reading a parchment proclamation of the king’s demise posted on a stump.

Before the paintings in the Matthews Collection went on sale, they were exhibited at the American Art Galleries in New York City.   There they drew national attention.   The “Collector and Art Critic”  magazine chose to feature them as part of its “American Private Art Collections” series.  A journal critic commented on the attractive manner in which the galley had lighted the Baltimorean’s collection.   A New York Times writer was impressed with the many paintings of birds and animals. 

The auction took place on February 17, 1914, held in the Grand Ballroom of Gotham’s prestigious Plaza Hotel.  Many of America’s leading art collectors or their representatives were present to vie for Matthews’ collection.  The press reported the prices being paid.  “Mount Shasta, Calif”  by W. Keith sold for $1,400, “Still Life and Landscape by Jan Weenix was hammered down for $1,140,  and “Dogs Attacking Stags,” by Frans Snyders, fetched $1,000 -- big money for that era.

Why did Matthews’ business shut down and why was the art collection sold?  One 1914 news article referred to Nicholas as “the late N.M. Matthew.”  That might offer one solid clue to the sudden change in activity.   A major online genealogy site, however, says Matthews died in 1930.  Yet another site lists the date of his demise as “unknown.”  Below in a comment, a descendent has confirmed the 1930 date and kindly added some details about this fascinating whiskey man.