Three Who Sold Whiskey to Indians

Foreword: The official U.S. Government view about selling whiskey to Native Americans was expressed in an 1833 report by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to Congress: “The proneness of the Indian to the excessive use of ardent spirits with the too great facility of indulging that fatal propensity through the cupidity of our own citizens, not only impedes the progress of civilization, but tends inevitably to the degradation, misery, and extinction of the aboriginal race.” Here are the stories of three men who sold alcohol to indigenous peoples.

Indian Bureau officials during the 1800s had to deal with men like George Buente, the owner of a St. Louis shipping company whose principal trade was illicitly selling whiskey on Indian reservations.  Buente ultimately became the U.S. poster boy for the greed of white Americans prospering from the sale of “firewater.”

Buente, an immigrant from Germany, about 1881 opened a business in St. Louis, 

Missouri, he called Geo. Buente Shipping Company, selling a variety of wares in Indian country — including whiskey.  Although under the jurisdiction of federal laws that declared the Oklahoma Indian Territory “dry,” the traffic in liquor there was a continuous flow.  Buente was described by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs T. J. Morgan as “one of the largest whiskey shippers doing business in the Territory.”   

The middle men were Indian traders, mainly white men who were authorized to buy and sell on Native American lands.  They would order merchandise to be shipped by merchants like Buente in boxes or barrels marked to contain innocuous items like cooking pans and clothes pins, but bearing whiskey and other alcohol.  Despite suspicion, Buente did not face legal sanctions until he made a particular shipment in 1889 to Atoka, Oklahoma, a Choctaw town and home base of many Indian traders.  The town is shown below.

One of Buente’s large wooden crates carried a label claiming it contained “Queensware,” a type of British-produced crockery.  Suspicious, local police seized it upon arrival in Atoka, pried the cask open and inside found enough liquor and other items to outfit a saloon.  Buente was arrested and brought before a Federal court.  He feigned ignorance of the law but nonetheless pled guilty to the charges.  He was fined $500 (equivalent to more than $12,000 today) and court costs.   Whether these events were enough to discourage him from sending liquor into Indian Territory again is unclear.  Six years later Buente died in St. Louis.  

A page one headline in the Bismarck, North Dakota Tribune of December 29, 1907, shouted that a “Moorhead Firm Sold Booze to Indians.”  The story continued that:  “A sensation was created here today…that the head officers of the Pederson Mercantile company, the largest wholesale liquor dealers in northern Minnesota, doing business in Moorhead, Minn., were arrested Thursday by a United States marshal of this city charged…with selling liquor to Indians of the Turtle Mountain reservation.”  Among those arrested was Ralph Pederson, president of the company, a leading Moorhead businessman and city councilman.

An immigrant from Norway, Pederson through his mercantile company was doing a brisk business shipping liquor into North Dakota.  Protected by the Interstate Commerce clause of the Constitution, residents of that state legally could purchase alcohol by mail order from out-of-state businesses like Pederson Mercantile.  As a result every day gallons of his spirits were being dispatched by rail and truck into North Dakota, much to the dismay and anger of local officials.  It may well have been they who tipped off Federal authorities that Pederson had sold liquor to Native Americans at the Turtle Mountain Reservation — a crime.

Indicted by a federal grand jury, Pederson, his son as the company secretary, and the company treasurer were arraigned before a U.S. Commissioner in Moorhead on twelve counts.  The trio made bail and awaited their appearance in court.  Commented the Bismarck newspaper:  “On account of the prominency of the parties the case will be watched with interest and promises to be a desperately fought legal battle.”  

In actuality, the trial appears to have ended with at most a slap on the wrist for the Pedersons.  As one observer put it:  “Getting juries to convict was also a problem.  The seller of liquor was often a reputable businessman in the community.  Regardless of what the law said about the competency of Indians as witnesses, prosecutors did not want to bring an action against a local businessman on the word of an Indian.”   Although I have not found the final verdict in their case, Pederson and his company seems hardly to have suffered, continuing to sell alcohol locally and by mail order throughout this period and afterwards. 

In subsequent years the federal ban on selling alcohol to Native Americans was discarded in favor of allowing each tribe make the decision on its own. Turtle Mountain Indians currently allow the sale of beer and other alcoholic beverages on the reservation following a process of licensing and supervision by the Tribal Council.

An immigrant from Ireland, Thomas Patrick McGovern settled in a small Montana town called Dupuyer on the edge of the Blackfeet Reservation.  There in the 1890s he opened a drinking establishment he called “The Beaver Slide Saloon,” a reference to the slick, muddy trails that beavers made along the banks of Dupuyer Creek.  McGovern’s letterhead  promised “First-class wines, liquors and cigars always on hand.”  Patronage from the reservation was welcome.

Soon he would meet his future wife, Sophie, who was living with the Blackfeet.  Born in 1872, she was the daughter of a French Canadian trader named Michele Longevin and an Indian woman named Mary (or Anna) Many White Horses.  It is not clear how Tom and Sophie met.  Interaction between the white and indigenous populations in that region of Montana was a common occurrence.  After their marriage McGovern took up residence on the reservation and the couple raised their family there.

Meanwhile McGovern was prospering at his drinking establishment in Dupuyer. He regularly was selling beer and liquor to the Blackfeet with no fear of the law. Local lore describes how McGovern dealt with customers who turned drunk and rowdy in his saloon:  “…The Beaver Slide Saloon went so far as to have a man-made "beaver slide" that extended from the back door to the creek. When the locals had a wee bit too much to drink, they were tossed down the slide and into the creek for a ‘sobering’ experience.”   The Beaver Slide Saloon burned in December 1901 and was not rebuilt.

McGovern then appears to have been employed as an administrator on the reservation. In 1927 at age 64 he died there after 35 years of marriage to Sophie.  A long way from his Irish birthplace, McGovern had found a home and family among a Native American tribe that had accepted him into their midst.  It apparently mattered little that he was a saloonkeeper.  

Note:  Longer posts on each of the “whiskey men” featured here may be found elsewhere on this blog:  George Buente, January 21, 2018;  Ralph Pederson, March 13, 2020, and Thomas McGovern, February 22, 2020.

Note #2:  A milestone: This blog -- "Those Pre-Prohibition Whiskey Men" -- having reach a million "hits" late last year has now surpassed 1.1 million.  The number of "look-ins" averages between 300 and 400 per day.  The interest has come from all over the world, according to Blogspot. The number of followers also has grown to 319, for which I am extremely grateful. 

 

 

Tom & Sophia McGovern: Love Among the Blackfeet

The setting is the Blackfeet Indian Reservation located in Montana east of Glacier National Park and bordering Canada, an area larger than the state of Delaware.  There Thomas Patrick McGovern, an immigrant from Northern Ireland and saloonkeeper, fell in love with Sophie Gill Longevin, a half-Indian girl just out of her teens, and they wed. The couple is shown above. Often such marriages ended badly, but the McGoverns’ union lasted until Tom’s death, still living among the Blackfeet. 

McGovern was born in July 1863, likely in County Cavan.  Of his early years the records are silent, nor is it clear when he immigrated to the United States and settled in a small Montana town called Dupuyer.  This hamlet drew French fur trappers, sheep ranchers from England and Scotland, and a motley group of adventurers.  As one observer put it:  “The settlement was typically wild and unruly, as were most western towns.”

There in the 1890s the Irish immigrant opened a drinking establishment he called “The Beaver Slide Saloon,” a reference to the slick, muddy trails that beavers made along the banks of Dupuyer Creek.  McGovern’s letterhead  promised “First-class wines, liquors and cigars always on hand.”  Given the relative isolation of Dupuyer, keeping that promise would not have been easy given the difficult logistics of bringing supplies overland by mule train.

Meanwhile Sophie was growing up within the Blackfeet Reservation. Born in 1872, she was the daughter of a French Canadian trader named Michele Longevin, shown here, and an Indian woman named Mary (or Anna) Many White Horses.  While Sophie was still an infant, her mother died in childbirth.  Unable to care for the infant girl because of his traveling occupation, Longevin took her to live with her uncle Jerry Potts in Canada until she reached about fourteen.  Then her father returned her to the Blackfeet reservation to live with her mother’s brother, Bear Leggings.  

It is not clear how Tom and Sophie met.  Interaction between the white and indigenous populations in that region of Montana was an everyday occurrence.  This was captured by famous Western artist Charles Russell in his painting of the trading post on the Blackfeet reservation run by a legendary figure named Joe Kipp.  Kipp would have been a familiar figure to both Thomas and Sophia.

The couple married in 1892 when Thomas was 29 and Sophia just 20.  The next year their first son, James, was born, followed in 1894 by a daughter, Margaret, and in 1896, a second son, John.   A composite photo of the family taken around 1899, shows the McGovern family, with the parents in the foreground and behind, from left, Margaret (called “Maggie”), John and James.  An 1896 “Indian census”  showed the family living on the Blackfeet Reservation.

 The census also points up an interesting contrast.  Sophia as half Native American  blood and the children as one-quarter were still considered “full-blooded” Indians by the U.S. Government and thus counted.  All four, however, had  Anglo-Saxon names.  They can be contrasted with others on the census form where individuals have names like “Mad Plume,” “Killing in the Night,” “Good Cleanup,” and “Sits Long Time.”  Their children, by contrast, at U.S. Government urging, have been given names of European origin.

Meanwhile Tom, while living on the reservation, was prospering at his drinking establishment in Dupuyer.  Local lore describes how McGovern dealt with those who turned drunk and rowdy in his saloon:  “…The Beaver Slide Saloon went so far as to have a man-made "beaver slide" that extended from the back door to the creek. When the locals had a wee bit too much to drink, they were tossed down the slide and into the creek for a ‘sobering’ experience.”   Unfortunately, the Beaver Slide Saloon burned on December 19, 1901, and was not rebuilt.

McGovern’s occupation in ensuing years is not clear.  He may have held a government position.  He was listed as an official dealing with the eligibility of people voting in Montana’s Electoral District No. 6:  “Notice is hereby given that objections to right to vote of any party in this list will be received at my office… such objections to be made only by a qualified elector, and in writing setting forth the ground of objections.”  McGovern also witnessed to land claims.

After 18 years of marriage Tom and Sophia in 1910 would have a fourth son, William Henry.  Records indicate that in the interim at least two early infant deaths may have occurred.  The McGoverns saw their children grow into adults, all of them continuing to live in or around the Blackfeet Reservation.  Photos exist of John, a handsome youth who worked as a ranch hand, and Maggie, a very Irish-looking young woman, who married a man named Chatterton. 

In 1927, Tom, age 64, died on the Blackfeet Reservation after 35 years of marriage to Sophia.  A long way from his Irish birthplace, McGovern had found a home and family among a Native American tribe that had accepted him into their midst.  McGovern was buried at Montreal, Quebec, where he may have resided before coming to Montana.  Sophia lived another 30 years, dying in 1957 at the age of 84.  I have not been able to identify her burial place.

Note:  Unlike many of these posts, this one has no principal source of information. The details and photos have been gathered and organized from material available on more than a dozen Internet sites, including ancestry.com.