Whiskey Men and Grover Cleveland

Foreword: Grover Cleveland was the 22nd and 24th President of the United States, the only man ever to be elected to two non-contiguous terms.  While in American history he stands high in the mid-ranks of Chief Executives, it also should be noted that, while seldom taking an alcoholic drink, Cleveland was a favorite with whiskey men and a close friend of several.   This post examines some of those relationships. 

When Alexander, (“Sandy”) Wood died, his funeral was attended by former U.S. President Grover Cleveland, just one of the well known figures who were Wood’s buddies and fishing companions during his lifetime and who at his death came to pay tribute in Boston to the memory of this immigrant Scots whiskey man.  He is shown left.

Born in Kelso, Scotland, Wood emigrated first to Canada and then to the United States, settling in Boston.  About 1872, with a partner he established a liquor house at 100-102 Broadway, shown here, and began rectifying, that is, blending his own proprietary brands of whiskey, and met with considerable success at the trade and considerable wealth. 

Throughout this time Wood was returning regularly to Canada during summers to fish.   In 1873 he and friends purchased salmon fishing waters on the Southwest Miramichi River in New Brunswick.   A man with an engaging and outgoing personality,  Wood became acquainted with people of influence and would bring them fishing on his salmon-teeming river.   Among them was the governor of Massachusetts and through him Wood got to know President Grover Cleveland, an avid fisherman.  Cleveland often was in Wood’s distinguished group of anglers who would take meet in Boston and entrain together into Canada to fish.  

The liquor dealer continued his fishing parties to New Brunswick virtually the rest of his life, dying in June 1899.  Among those attending his memorial services was  Grover Cleveland.  In 1906 the former President wrote an essay “In Defense of Fishermen” in which he extolled “full-blooded fishermen whose title is clear and whose natural qualifications are undisputed.”   My guess is he had Sandy Wood in mind when he penned those lines.

Although Edward Smith and Christian Hanlen could not boast so close a relationship with Cleveland, they were part of his political advancement.  After leaving his native Ireland in his teens, Edward Smith, shown right, spent the rest of his life in Rhode Island.  He would find significant success there both in business and in politics.  Operating under the name “Edward Smith, Importer and Wholesale Dealer in Wines and Liquors,”  his most important spirits offerings were whiskeys. Some he sold under distiller labels;  others he blended in his own facilities and put his label on them.  Meanwhile Smith also was pursuing a career in politics.  When Pawtucket was chartered as a Rhode Island city, Smith was elected as an alderman on the Democratic ticket.  He held the office for six consecutive years,1886 to 1892, and was elected president of the aldermanic board in 1890.  A delegate to the National Democratic Convention in 1884,  Smith helped secure the presidential nomination for Grover  Cleveland.

Christian Hanlen was the owner/ manager of a wholesale liquor business called Hanlen Bros., located at 330 Market St. in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Hanlen advertised widely his rye whiskeys, brandies, gins, imported and domestic wine, ales and stouts.  His involvement in Democratic Party politics came at a particularly crucial period.  When Cleveland ran again in 1892, serious opposition to him erupted within the Democratic Party.  Hanlen, however, was cited by the New York Times as a particularly ardent Cleveland supporter and elected to the nominating convention in Chicago, shown here, where Grover was elected on the first ballot.  

Perhaps no distiller either before or since has surpassed the career that Charles Tracey, shown left, crafted as president and treasurer of the Columbia Distillery Co., in Albany, New York.  He was a four-term member of the U.S. House of Representatives, aide to five governors of New York, and a key advisor to President Grover Cleveland.

Close to Cleveland when he was governor of New York, Tracey was a staunch defender of Eastern business interests during his eight years on the Hill, particularly of the whiskey industry.  He became known as the chief spokesman for the “Gold Democrats,” a conservative faction of the party who, with President Cleveland, upheld the gold standard for currency against “free silver” advocates.A cartoon of the time characterized them as “Gold Bugs” and accused Cleveland of selling out the country.  The bearded figure to the right of the President may well be Tracey.  

Joseph “Joe” Seelinger was well known in Norfolk, Virginia, as a saloonkeeper and restauranteur. But his real claim to fame around town was as a favorite duck hunting companion of Grover Cleveland.  Linked in life, the two almost were united in death as they narrowly escaped drowning in March, 1901, attempting to return from a day of shooting.

Joe was the proprietor of the Onyx Saloon, located in the heart of the city’s bustling commercial district.  The Onyx featured an equally elaborately decorated restaurant on the second floor that became a favorite dining spot for the rich and socially prominent of Norfolk and the Tidewater.  One writer said of the Onyx that it “became widely known throughout the city by fastidious diners with whom cost was not a factor.  In the gay days of Norfolk his [Seelinger’s] place was the center of fashionable gatherings, especially around the holiday season.”

Meanwhile, the Onyx Saloon was making Joe, the genial saloonkeeper, very rich indeed.  He was able to indulge his passion as a sportsman and duck hunter.  The marshlands east of Norfolk were a favorite wintering grounds of millions of ducks of a wide range of species and hunting clubs proliferated.  A prime location was held by the Back Bay Gunning Club of which Seelinger was president and treasurer.  Enter Cleveland, a hunter with a passion for shooting ducks.  Shown together in an illustration, he and Joe connected as frequent hunting partners in the waters off Norfolk.  

It was on one of those outings that the two almost lost their lives.  Papers across America like the San Francisco Chronicle of March 1, 1901 headlined:  “Grover Cleveland is Caught in Storm;  Former President Narrowly Escapes Drowning While Duck Shooting.”   Cleveland and Seelinger were far out on the water having shot 75 ducks and many geese and pigeons.  The weather threatened.  The former President refused to leave before nightfall and by then a full fledged storm had arisen. The boat was nearly swamped by high wind and waves.  Apparently through Seelinger’s skill at the helm, after considerable time and in full darkness, the two were able to make shore. 

The idea that these whiskey men all played greater or lesser roles in the life of Grover Cleveland should be no surprise.  Through their liquor enterprises all of them had become wealthy and able to afford such luxuries as owning salmon waters and hunting lodges, heading political factions, and attending National Conventions.

Saloon Owner “Joe” Went Gunning with Grover Cleveland

Joseph “Joe” Seelinger, shown here, was well known in Norfolk, Virginia, as a saloonkeeper and restauranteur. But his real claim to fame around town was as a favorite duck hunting companion for the former two-time U.S. President, Grover Cleveland.  Linked in life, the two almost were united in death as they narrowly escaped drowning in March, 1901, attempting to return from a day of shooting.

Seelinger had hailed originally from Erie, Pennsylvania.  He was born there during the midst of the Civil War in 1863.  His parents were Joseph and Elizabeth (Stemmer) Seelinger, both Catholic  immigrants from Switzerland, who arrived in America about 1850.  The father was an Erie saloonkeeper and also for a short time may have operated a brewery known as the Erie City Brewery. The record shows a Joseph F. Seelinger operating a brewery on Poplar Street between 25th and 26th Sts. from 1870 to 1872.

At the time  of the 1880 Census,  the Seelinger family had seven children, three girls and four boys.  Joseph was the eldest son, at the age of 18 recorded as being “at home,” which almost certainly meant he was still going to school.  His three younger brothers,  Henry, Steven, and Anthony also were in school.

From that time until he showed up in Norfolk in the late 1800s,  Seelinger’s activities are obscure.  It is likely that as he matured his father employed him in his saloon and the youth learned the whiskey trade there.  At the age of  30 Joe found a wife.  She was Laura, born in Pennsylvania of German immigrant parents.  The Seelingers would go on to have a family of five children, three boys and two girls.

Joe also must have been saving his money because he was first recorded in Norfolk as the proprietor of the Onyx Saloon, located initially at 221 Main Street.  His choice of a location for his drinking establishment indicated that he had both good sense and the financial wherewithal to site it in the heart of the city’s bustling commercial district.   As shown above in a postcard view, Main Street was thronged with pedestrians,  horses and buggies, and on a main streetcar line.

The saloon occupied the ground floor of the Onyx Building,  constructed in 1894, apparently with financing and supervision from Seelinger himself.  Several years later Patrick Mathews, a civil engineer, hauled the saloonkeeper into the local Court of Law and Chancery,  claiming that he was owed $125 for the plans he had furnished Seelinger for the construction of the building.   After a day long trial, the jury was unable to agree on a verdict.  The elaborate interior of the Onyx Saloon is shown here on a trade card, apparently with the proprietor, Seelinger himself, standing in front of the bar.   Note the fancy chandeliers and electric ceiling fan.

 

That saloon apparently proved to be too small to accommodate a growing clientele.   Subsequently Seelinger moved to larger quarters, still on Main Street, at 411 East.  But there is something curious about the situation.  The proprietor issued a photograph of the new Onyx on a desk blotter, shown below, that provides the mystery.  Although the address differs from 221 Main, the interior looks virtually identical to the earlier establishment.  It does appear, however, that the bar at the new saloon extends somewhat farther and that the saloon front is glass enclosed.  My conclusion:  Seelinger took the accouterments of his old saloon with him when he moved and recreated the decor at 411 East Main.

The new address also featured an equally elaborately decorated restaurant on the second floor that became a favorite dining spot for the rich and socially prominent of Norfolk and the Tidewater.  One writer said of the Onyx that it “became widely known throughout the city by fastidious diners with whom cost was not a factor.  In the gay days of Norfolk his [Seelinger’s] place was the center of fashionable gatherings, especially around the holiday season.”

In fact, Norfolk was becoming a town of Seelinger saloons.  Perhaps drawn there by the success of Joseph,  three of his brothers opened their own establishments, possibly with his financial backing.  Henry owned H. Seelingers Stag Hotel and Ladies’ and Gentleman’s Cafe and Restaurant,  located 39-41 City Hall Avenue.  He advertised:  “Everything the Best.”  Brother Steven ran Steve Seelinger’s Cafe at 10 Bank Street, “In the Heart of the Business District.”  Even the youngest brother, Anthony, could boast his own watering hole.

Meanwhile, the Onyx Saloon was making Joe the genial saloonkeeper very rich indeed.  He was able to indulge his passion as a sportsman and duck hunter.  The marshlands east of Norfolk were a favorite wintering grounds of millions of ducks of a wide range of species and hunting clubs proliferated.  A prime location was held by the Back Bay Gunning Club of which Seelinger was president and treasurer. It had been chartered by a local judge in 1899.  One report indicates Joe owned it with one of his sons.

Enter Grover Cleveland, the 22nd and 24th President of the United States and the only President to serve two non-consecutive terms (1885-1889 and 1893-1897).  Always a sportsman and hunter, with a passion for shooting ducks,  even as President-elect in December 1892, he traveled to Broadwater Island on Virginia’s Eastern Shore to hunt,  accompanied by friends and a sketch artist.  He is shown here on one of his expeditions.

After declining to run for a third term and leaving the White House, Cleveland lived in retirement at his estate, Westland Mansion, in Princeton.  That gave him plenty of time to indulge his sporting desires.  How Cleveland connected with a Norfolk saloonkeeper is not clear but the two quickly became hunting partners and the former president was a frequent guest in Norfolk.  Every time Cleveland arrived Seelinger would entertain him, either in his home or at the Onyx Saloon where, as one author put it, “Cleveland regularly gorged on game and seafood.”  Then the pair would head out to the Back Bay Gunning Club.

Cleveland clearly loved those sojourns.  In retirement he wrote a thin book called, Fishing and Shooting Sketches.   In it he describes in detail a duck hunting trip he took to Virginia:  “We arrived at the very comfortable clubhouse of the Back Bay Club in Princess Anne County about noon one Saturday.”  After spending several days there waiting for appropriate weather the party finally got on the water and shot dozens of ducks.  Although the shooting was the high point for Cleveland, he also cast an admiring eye at the gunning club.  “So far as the good things and the comforts of the clubhouse itself entered into the enjoyment of our trip, it would be strange if they did not present great allurement; for nothing in the way of snug shelter and good eating and drinking was lacking.”   Joe Seelinger clearly had thought of everything.

Shown here is an illustration of Cleveland scanning the horizon for prey while being steered in a sail dingy to the hunting grounds, towing the decoys in a rowboat behind. My assumption is that it is Seelinger at the helm.  It was on just such a trip that the two almost lost their lives.  Papers across America like the San Francisco Chronicle of March 1, 1901 headlined:  “Grover Cleveland is Caught in Storm;  Former President Narrowly Escapes Drowning While Duck Shooting.”    The story went thus:  Cleveland and Seelinger were far out on the water having shot 75 ducks and many geese and pigeons.  The weather threatened.  The ex-President refused to leave before nightfall and by then a full fledged storm had arisen. The boat was nearly swamped by high wind and waves.  Apparently through Seelinger’s skill at the helm, after considerable time and in full darkness the two were able to make shore.

Cleveland appeared to be unfazed by the experience.  Supping at the Onyx the following evening, he was in an expansive mood and even agreed to a press conference.  After Cleveland had discussed several subjects, one reporter noted that he had just dined in a private room over Seelinger’s “splendidly appointed” Onyx Saloon. He then asked what the former President thought of Carrie Nation’s saloon smashing crusade.  Cleveland looked flustered but finally said:  “That is a social question upon which I am not qualified to speak.”  That evening the former chief executive took the train back to Princeton.  The dead ducks had gone earlier to New Jersey, addressed to his wife.

For Seelinger there would be limited future hunting escapades with Cleveland.  The former President’s health soon began to decline.  In 1908 he suffered a heart attack and died.  Seelinger must have mourned the passing of someone who had been a companion and, moreover, put The Onyx Saloon into the national spotlight.  Another blow occurred in 1916 when Virginia by referendum went “dry” (Norfolk had voted NO). Seelinger and his brothers all were forced to close their saloons. By that time Joe was 53, wealthy, and doubtless had other investments to tend.

Seelinger would live another 24 years at his mansion home along fashionable Mowbray Arch, the street shown above,  living through National Prohibition and witnessing its repeal.  When he died in October of 1939 at age 76, he was buried in Norfolk’s Forest Lawn Cemetery beside his wife, while his four surviving children and his grandchildren stood by the gravesite.  Even in death Joe remained identified with Grover Cleveland. Their relationship was the first line in Seelinger’s obituary in the Norfolk Pilot.